企鵝目 Sphenisciformes

企鵝目 Sphenisciformes，來自希臘的 σφηνίσκος sphēnískos (小楔子) 及拉丁文的 -fōrmis (形狀)，說明牠們的翼形。

Sphenisciformes, from Greek σφηνίσκος (sphēnískos, “small wedge”) and Latin -fōrmis (“-shaped”), in reference to the shape of their wings.

種的俗名 Common names of members

企鵝。

Penguins.

分佈 Distribution

主要在南半球。

Mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.

體型 Size

體型範圍從30–33厘米高和1.2–1.3公斤重，至1.1米高和35公斤重。

They range from 30–33 cm tall and weigh 1.2–1.3 kg, up to 1.1 m tall and weigh 35 kg.

形態 Morphology

牠們的身體細長，頭部巨大，頸部較短。尾巴呈楔形，短而堅硬。牠們在陸地上保持直立姿勢，因為牠們有蹼的腳及腿位於軀幹腳後端的位置。牠們從翅膀上長出了鰭狀肢。翅膀前部位為白色，背部為黑色，以幫助牠們融入水下周圍的環境。由於有緻密的絕緣羽毛而保持溫暖。

They are elongated in body and have a huge head and short neck. Their tails are wedge-shaped, short, and rigid. They have an erect stance on land because their webbed feet and legs are positioned far back on the torso. They have developed flippers from their wings. They have white fronts on their wings and black backs to help them blend in with their surroundings underwater. They stay warm because of their dense coat of insulating feathers.

生態及棲息地 Ecology & Habitat

南半球沿海地區。只有一種物種住在赤道。

Marine coastal areas of the southern hemisphere; one species found at the equator.

食性 Diet

以魚食為主，大部分都吃鯷魚、沙丁魚、墨魚、魷魚和磷蝦。

Having mainly a piscivorous diet, they feed most on anchovies, pilchards, cuttlefish, squid, and krill.

繁殖 Reproduction

在大部分時間，牠們在龐大的群體中繁殖。在繁殖季節，牠們形成一夫一妻制的關係，但同一對伴侶重新配對的速度差異很大。雖然有些物種都一窩只產一個卵，但大多數物種都會產兩個卵。所有物種都分擔孵化任務，除了一個物種是由雄性承擔這個任務。當其中一個在海上進食時，這些孵化轉變可能會持續幾天，甚至幾週。

The majority of the time, they breed in enormous colonies. During the breeding season, they form monogamous partnerships, yet the pace at which the same pair recouples varies greatly. While some species only lay one egg in a clutch, most of them lay two. Except for one species, where the male does all incubation tasks, all of them share this responsibility. While one of the couple feeds at sea, these incubation shifts can extend for several days or even weeks.